TUMWINE I, RUTARINDWA JP, NIYONDERERA P, NIYONIRINGIRA J, HABIMANA JB. An Explainable Smartphone-Based Deep Learning and Geospatial Framework for Road-Defect Surveillance and Maintenance Prioritisation in Rwanda: A Synthetic Proof of Concept. IJMDS. 2026;15(8):11-35. doi:10.31305/ijmds.v15n08.002